大山蓮華

大山蓮華
大峰山に自生していて蓮の華に似ているので、大山蓮華(オオヤマレンゲ)と名がついた。咲き始めの花びらが蓮の花にそっくりである。

この花に出会うには、大峰山脈の下を貫く国道309号線のトンネル入口に車を置いて、3時間登らないと行けない。関西の最高峰・八経ヶ岳(1914m)山頂近くに自生しているが、平地では環境が違ってなかなか育たないようである。庭木としてオオヤマレンゲ名で売られているのは、朝鮮半島原産のオオバオオヤマレンゲで、我が国原産のオオヤマレンゲとは少し異なる。

オオバオオヤマレンゲとオオヤマレンゲとは300年前に既に混同していた。その当時、既に朝鮮原産が我が国に入っていて、それが日本に原生するオオヤマレンゲとしてヨ-ロッパにも紹介されていた。オオヤマ(大山)とは大峰山を短縮したものであるから、深山に原生するオオヤマレンゲの存在は当時知られていたはずだが、その区別は専門家も知らなかったようである。

この違いを指摘され出したのは、ほんの30年ほど前。オオヤマレンゲの雄蕊は薄いピンク色、それに対してオオバオオヤマレンゲは真紅色で、明らかに区別できる。

オオバオオヤマレンゲは、朝鮮半島ではごく普通に見られるそうで、背丈も3-10m にもなるという。それに対しオオヤマレンゲは1-3m。葉の大きさや葉の裏に毛が生えているかなどの違いもある。

オオヤマレンゲは大峰山の深山(八経ヶ岳)にわずかに自生していて、鹿の食害を防ぐために柵で囲まれ保護されている。

朝鮮半島に自生する亜種以外に、中国(安徽省・広西省)でも別の亜種が自生しているという。その中国では、この花を天女花と呼んでいる。

2013年6月14日金曜日

Firefly ホタル

ホタル 祭り.wmv  

http://youtu.be/I1RugjfkbEg



アップロード日: 2010/05/20
九重町宝泉寺のホタル祭りです。

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ゲンジボタル

http://youtu.be/2bGdsIZ1ISI



アップロード日: 2009/08/25
六月に入り、蒸し暑く、風も、月も無い日。
沢の近く、陽も完全に落ちた頃から、ゲンジボタルが舞い始める。

光度は、およそ五百分の1カンデラ。
ろうそく一本が1カンデラだから、非常に暗い。
しかも、発光している面積が小さいため、カメラで捉えるのは難しい。

草に止まったところを、弱めたライトで照らすことでようやく観察が行えた。
よく知られているように、ゲンジボタルの発光間隔は東日本では四秒、西日本では二秒で­ある。
その境界はフォッサマグナにほぼ等しく、その付近では発光間隔が三秒という観察例もあ­る。同じ種で発光間隔が異なるのは、なぜなのか。

そもそも、ホタルはなぜ光るのかも定説はない。メスを引きつけるためとも言われるが、­ホタルは幼虫の時から発光する。
確かに、メスの近くに来たオスは、フラッシュ発光と呼ばれる短い発光を行うが、いわゆ­る、ホタルの乱舞と呼ばれるような光り方とは異なる。

恐らくは、光により、何らかのコミュニケーションを交わしているのだろう。それは、オ­ス同士が明滅を合わせる、シンクロ発光の存在からも推測できる。

オス同士がシンクロ発光するのは、気象条件により異なるが、大まかにはおよそ五メート­ルの範囲である。そこで何を聞き交わしているのか、それはまだ、全くの謎だ。

ただし、シンクロ発光している空間は、湿度が高く、産卵に適した場所の上空であること­は知られている。
ホタルは、何らかのセンサで、産卵に適した場所を探り、仲間に知らせ、種全体として世­代を重ねることを目指しているのだろうか。

ホタルの成虫は、一週間ほどの命の間に、苔や草の裏に産卵する。羽化した幼虫は、カワ­ニナを食べて育ち、次の年の春に土手に登り、土の中でさなぎになる。
その繰り返しを、ホタルは何らかのセンサの力を使い、違うことなく続けてきたのだろう­。

人間には、これほどまでに自然を計るセンサは無い。しかし人類には、分析力という種を­超えた力がある。
その分析力で自然を計り、多様で美しい地球の姿を守ること、それが人類に与えられた使­命といえるだろう。

ハイテクの一歩先にいつも堀場製作所
 
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長野県辰野町でホタル乱舞

http://youtu.be/mNZ8dcSBS8A



アップロード日: 2010/06/28
長野県辰野町で初夏の風物詩、ゲンジボタルが幻想的な光跡を描いている。

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揖斐川町 「轟観音・ホタルの里」 2011

http://youtu.be/t2NfMcRLNgg



アップロード日: 2011/06/27
2011年6月20日撮影。揖斐川谷汲「轟観音・ホタルの里」にて撮影した蛍の映像で­す。
○ご連絡は TEL0585-56-3710 喫茶一本杉まで

Goovie 岐阜×動画 http://www.goovie.jp/
岐阜県内のできごと、まるっと動画で紹介します!
観光地、グルメ、イベント告知 などなど配信中!!
 
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伊豆自然村キャンプフィールドの蛍,
Japanese firefly

http://youtu.be/a_Xo9pKWcPA



アップロード日: 2008/06/29
天然のホタル(ゲンジボタル)が乱舞する伊豆自然村キャンプフィールドを紹介します。
乱舞するホタルの映像(ビデオカメラによる撮影映像)は別撮りした背景とホタルの光(­複数)を重ね合わせ合成しています。これは映像を実際の見た目に近づける為の再現を目­的としたものですから、誤解の無いようお願いします
また後半はデジタルカメラ(EOS 5D)でインターバル撮影したものを動画化していますので実際の見た目の雰囲気とは異­なります。

ゲンジボタル(源氏蛍)
学名:Luciola cruciata
英名:Japanese firefly
撮影地:伊豆自然村キャンプフィールド

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2011年ホタルの乱舞(6月23日)

http://youtu.be/xfwkz0NSSZM



アップロード日: 2011/06/26
BGM⇒"甘茶の音楽工房"様http://amachamusic.chagasi.com/
2011年6月23日撮影 滋賀県米原市 蛍(ゲンジボタル)の乱舞

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ホタル乱舞 幻想的な光跡 
a firefly wild dance -- a visionary beam 2012

http://youtu.be/zqRHwsvUZII



公開日: 2012/07/22
カメラを構えたその先の森で、星とホタルと人々が交差していた。
フラッシュやライトをつけると、弱いホタルの光は見えなくなる。
しかし私はそういった全ての光景が美しく思えた。初めはホタル
の光だけを撮っていたが、いつの間にホタルに夢中になる人々も
撮るようになった。

北海道沼田町の「ほたるの里」では7月上旬から8月上旬に成虫
になったヘイケボタルや、ゲンジボタルが多数観察できます。
 
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5DMarkⅢ ホタルの光をもとめて  2012

http://youtu.be/_CD7FuPHOuE



公開日: 2012/06/16
5DMarkⅢと24F1.4LⅡにて撮影。画像は一部コンポジットしたものも使用。­EDIUS Neo3で編集。ホタルの動画に初挑戦!来年、再挑戦してみたくなりました。
BGMはH/MIX GALLERY さんより
 
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上陸するホタルの幼虫.mpg

http://youtu.be/fsRI78BihcQ



公開日: 2012/04/16
シトシトと降る雨の中、夜のとばりが下りる頃、
幼虫たちはお尻を緑に淡く光らせて上陸してきます。
暗闇の中で二つに輝くその光は、まるで目のように見えます。

元八ほたるっ子 blog: http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/singyou_jp

夜に上陸した幼虫たちですが、
全てがその晩に潜ってしまうわけではありません。
翌朝、まだ潜れずにうろついている幼虫たちが沢山います。
それでも、日中になるとほとんどの幼虫たちは潜りきってしまいます。

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ゲンジボタルの幼虫(一の坂川)

http://youtu.be/ClWM3_dgmOc



公開日: 2012/05/11
山口の初夏の風物詩、一の坂川のゲンジボタル。
ゲンジボタルの保護・飼育のため、「大殿ホタルを守る会」が伝承センターの土蔵で人工­飼育を行い、10月には大殿小学校の子ども達により、大きくなった幼虫が川に放流され­ます。
2012年、幼虫の上陸は4月10日はじめて確認されました(映像は4月11日撮影)­。川から上陸した幼虫(体長2cm)は蛹化のための適地を求め、2~4mにおよぶ草む­らをくぐり抜けて高さ2~3mの石垣を這いあがります。人間に例えると170~340­mのジャングルを抜け、高さ約200mの石垣をよじのぼるようなものでしょうか?その­行軍は涙ぐましいほどの苦労の連続です。
6月2日には「ほたる祭り」が開催されます。

大殿ホタルを守る会
山口ふるさと伝承総合センター
http://www.c-able.ne.jp/~denshou/
 
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Firefly




Firefly:Wikipedia

 Reprinting:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly



File:Photuris lucicrescens.jpg

Lampyridae is a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera. They are winged beetles, and commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous crepuscular use of bioluminescence to attract mates or prey. Fireflies produce a "cold light", with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies. This chemically produced light from the lower abdomen may be yellow, green, or pale-red, with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers.[2]
About 2,000 species of firefly are found in temperate and tropical environments. Many are in marshes or in wet, wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food. These larvae emit light and often are called "glowworms", in particular, in Eurasia. In the Americas, "glow worm" also refers to the related Phengodidae. In many species, both male and female fireflies have the ability to fly, but in some species, females are flightless.[3]

Biology
Fireflies tend to be brown and soft-bodied, often with the elytra (front wings) more leathery than in other beetles. Although the females of some species are similar in appearance to males, larviform females are found in many other firefly species. These females can often be distinguished from the larvae only because they have compound eyes. The most commonly known fireflies are nocturnal,[4] although there are numerous species that are diurnal. Most diurnal species are nonluminescent; however, some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light.


A few days after mating, a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch three to four weeks later, and the larvae feed until the end of the summer. The larvae are commonly called glowworms, not to be confused with the distinct beetle family Phengodidae or fly genus Arachnocampa. Lampyrid larvae have simple eyes. The term glowworm is also used for both adults and larvae of species such as Lampyris noctiluca, the common European glowworm, in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly and the flying males glow only weakly and intermittently.


Fireflies hibernate over winter during the larval stage, some species for several years. Some do this by burrowing underground, while others find places on or under the bark of trees. They emerge in the spring. After several weeks of feeding, they pupate for 1.0 to 2.5 weeks and emerge as adults. The larvae of most species are specialized predators and feed on other larvae, terrestrial snails, and slugs. One such species is Alecton discoidalis, which is found in Cuba. Some are so specialized, they have grooved mandibles that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey. Adult diet varies. Some are predatory, while others feed on plant pollen or nectar.

Most fireflies are quite distasteful to and sometimes poisonous to vertebrate predators. This is due at least in part to a group of steroid pyrones known as lucibufagins (LBGs), which are similar to cardiotonic bufadienolides found in some poisonous toads.[5]

 
Light and chemical production
Light production in fireflies is due to a type of chemical reaction called bioluminescence. This process occurs in specialised light-emitting organs, usually on a firefly's lower abdomen. The enzyme luciferase acts on the luciferin, in the presence of magnesium ions, ATP, and oxygen to produce light. Genes coding for these substances have been inserted into many different organisms (see Luciferase – Applications). Firefly luciferase is used in forensics, and the enzyme has medical uses — in particular, for detecting the presence of ATP or magnesium. It has been speculated that Baroque painter Caravaggio may have prepared his canvases with a powder of dried fireflies to create a photosensitive surface on which he projected the image to be painted.[6]

All fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae than it does in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators, since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.

Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes, but now its primary purpose is thought to be used in mate selection. Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection. They have a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.[7]

Some species, especially lightning bugs of the genera Photinus, Photuris, and Pyractomena, are distinguished by the unique courtship flash patterns emitted by flying males in search of females. In general, females of the Photinus genus do not fly, but do give a flash response to males of their own species.



 Firefly (species unknown) captured in eastern Canada - the top picture is taken with a flash, the bottom only with the self-emitted light
Tropical fireflies, in particular, in Southeast Asia, routinely synchronise their flashes among large groups. This phenomenon is explained as phase synchronization[8] and spontaneous order. At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles (the most notable ones found near Kuala Selangor), fireflies (kelip-kelip in the Malay language or Bahasa Malaysia) synchronise their light emissions precisely. Current hypotheses about the causes of this behavior involve diet, social interaction, and altitude. In the Philippines, thousands of fireflies can be seen all year-round in the town of Donsol (called aninipot or totonbalagon in Bicol). In the United States, one of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in unison occurs annually near Elkmont, Tennessee in the Great Smoky Mountains during the first weeks of June.[9] Congaree National Park in South Carolina is another host to this phenomenon.[10]

Female Photuris fireflies are known for mimicking the mating flashes of other "lightning bugs" for the sole purpose of predation. Target males are attracted to what appears to be a suitable mate, and are then eaten. For this reason sometimes the Photuris species are referred to as "femme fatale fireflies."

Many fireflies do not produce light. Usually these species are diurnal, or day-flying, such as those in the genus Ellychnia. A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places, such as beneath tall plants or trees, are luminescent. One such genus is Lucidota. These fireflies use pheromones to signal mates. This is supported by the fact that some basal groups do not show bioluminescence and, rather, use chemical signaling. Phosphaenus hemipterus has photic organs, yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes. These traits strongly suggest pheromones are used for sexual selection, while photic organs are used for warning signals. In controlled experiments, males coming from downwind arrived at females first, thus male arrival was correlated with wind direction, indicating males' chemotaxis into a pheromone plume. Males were also found to be able to find females without the use of visual cues, when the sides of test Petri dishes were covered with black tape. This and the facts that females do not light up at night and males are diurnal point to the conclusion that sexual communication in P. hemipterus is entirely based on pheromones.[11]
 

Systematics
Firefly systematics, as with many insects, are in a constant state of flux, as new species continue to be discovered. The five subfamilies listed above are the most commonly accepted ones, though others, such as the Amydetinae and Psilocladinae, have been proposed. This was mainly done in an attempt to revise the Lampyrinae, which bit by bit had become something of a "wastebin taxon" to hold incertae sedis species and genera of fireflies. Other changes have been proposed, such as merging the Ototetrinae into the Luciolinae, but the arrangement used here appears to be the most frequently seen and stable layout for the time being. Though most groups appear to be monophyletic, some (e.g., the tribe Photinini) are perhaps better divided.

There seem to be two groups of subfamilies: one containing many American and some Eurasian species in the Lampyrinae and Photurinae, and one, predominantly Asian, made up from the other subfamilies. While the subfamilies as understood here are, in general, monophyletic, there are still a few genera that need to be moved about for the subfamilies to accurately represent the evolutionary relationships among the fireflies.

The Rhagophthalmidae are a glow worm-like lineage of Elateroidea. They have in the recent past usually been considered a distinct family, but it is still disputed as to whether this is correct. Indeed, they might be the only close relative of the puzzling firefly genus Pterotus, which sometimes is placed in a monotypic subfamily.
The genus Phausis, usually placed in the tribe Photinini of the Lampyrinae, might represent another rather distinct lineage instead.



References
1.Cirrus Digital Firefly Photuris lucicrescens
2.http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/zoology/insects-arachnids/question554.htm
3.Science Daily: In Fireflies, Flightless Females Lose out On Gifts from Males
4.Free Dictionary.com
5.Eisner, Thomas; Wiemer, David; Haynes, Leroy; Meinwald, Jerrold (1978), Lucibufagins: Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
6.Caravaggio was early 'photographer'." BBC News. 11 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/7936946.stm
7.Stanger-Hall, K.F.; Lloyd, J.E.; Hillis, D.M. (2007), "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 (1): 33–49, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013, PMID 17644427
8.Murray, James D. (2002), Mathematical Biology, I. An Introduction (Third ed.), Springer, pp. 295–299, ISBN 978-0-387-95223-9
9.http://www.nps.gov/grsm/naturescience/fireflies.htm
10.http://www.seacoastonline.com/2004news/05232004/travel/17745.htm
11.De Cock, R.; Matthysen, E. (2005), Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), Animal Behaviour

External links
An introduction to European fireflies and glow-worms
Firefly.org – Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts, Pictures, Information About Firefly Insect Disappearance
Firefly simulating robot, China
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi
Lightning Bugs
Fireflies, long-term exposures, Germany
Museum of Science, Boston – Understanding Fireflies
Video of a firefly larva in Austria

This page was last modified on 9 June 2013 at 06:50.

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http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/spring/FireflyBiolum.html

Sunlight and the Seasons

Chemical Action, What's Your Reaction?
 
What Makes the Flash of Light?
What do you think causes the light on a firefly? A French physiologist Raphael Dubois studied the light producing cells of the firefly in the late 19th century (1887), and observed that there are two chemicals that interact to produce the bioluminescence. He discovered that fireflies have a chemical called luciferin (meaning "lucifer" or "light bearing" in Latin), which reacts with another enzyme called luciferase to create the bioluminescence, when air comes through holes in the firefly's abdomen.


Click to Enlarge
Say's firefly (Pyractomena angulata
)
Credit: Arwin Provonsha,
Purdue Department of Entomology
                              


Thanks to the Firefly
Today, these chemicals are used in research for cancer, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis and heart disease, and they have also led to new technology for flashlights and flares and glow sticks, according to scientists at Purdue and Ohio State.

Did You Know?
The light that the firefly emits is extremely energy efficient. Whereas light bulbs give off only 10% of their energy as light (and 90% as heat), the firefly gives off almost 100% of its energy as light.

It is sometimes called a cold light, since it does not give off much heat.

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http://www.firefly.org/firefly-pictures.html#

Share your pics of fireflies here. Whether you have visited and taken pictures of the famous synchronous fireflies of the Selangor River in Malaysia, synchronous flashing of Photinus carolinus in Tennessee & Pennsylvania, or simply snapped pictures of the display in your own back yard. Post your pictures to our online album.
To submit a photo, please email us with your photo. Please no photos over 3MB, and include description of photo including location and date. Photos will be credited.

Boy Catching Fireflies and Putting Them in a Jar

Delayed exposure of fireflies in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Photinus carolinus fireflies.

Photinus Pyralis Eastern USA firefly

Fireflies in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Photinus carolinus.



Glow Worm









Fireflies in a Jar

Kids Looking at Fireflies in a Jar

Photo by: stevendavidjohnson.com




Fireflies in a field

closeup of firefly Photinus Pyralis

Closeup Photo of Firefly

© 2009-2012. All Rights Reserved.

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http://forestwalk.exblog.jp/8211574

芦生原生林の博物誌

 

川底を這うカワニナ

 
カワニナ (Semisulcospira libertina), ニナ目カワニナ科

DATA: 2008/6/18, Optio W30

6月中旬、芦生原生林を流れる由良川源流を遡行中、浅瀬の川底を這うカワニナ (川螺) を見つけました。早速、水中撮影しましたが、カワニナのような巻貝の触角と眼と足の構造をじっくり観察したのは初めてでした。
カワニナは貝殻の先端部 (殻頂、かくちょう) が欠けていますが、これは貝殻を覆う殻皮 (かくひ) が剥がれてしまうと再生できず、溶食されてしまうからです。

DATA: 2008/6/18, Optio W30

今回見つけたカワニナの生息環境です。カワニナは川底の藻類や落ち葉、魚などの死骸を食べることで、清流の浄化にも役立っています。

DATA: 2008/6/18, EOS 40D, EF16-35mm F2.8L USM

ところで、カワニナと言えば、ホタル (蛍) の幼虫の餌として有名です。日本各地で、ホタルの棲める川の再生を目指した活動の一貫として、他府県で養殖/採取されたカワニナが大量に放流されることがあるのですが、在来種との交雑による遺伝子の攪乱や、生態系のバランスが崩れることによる他の生物の消滅などの問題が起きています。


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